Leviathan

Origin and myth

Leviathan is the great sea creature of the Hebrew Bible, and behind it stands an even older Canaanite monster. Ugaritic tablets from the 14th century BC describe Lotan, the "fleeing serpent" and "twisting serpent", servant of the sea god Yam, defeated by the storm god Baal; the same damaged passage mentions a "mighty one with seven heads", often but not certainly taken to be Lotan. The Hebrew scriptures inherited the image: Psalm 74 says God "broke the heads of Leviathan", Isaiah 27:1 foretells that God will punish "leviathan the piercing serpent, even leviathan that crooked serpent" and slay "the dragon that is in the sea", and Psalm 104 more gently describes it as a creature made to play in the ocean.

The fullest portrait is in the Book of Job, chapter 41, where God describes Leviathan at length to humble Job: its scales are rows of shields sealed so tightly that no air passes between them, its sneezes flash light, smoke pours from its nostrils, its heart is hard as a millstone, and iron is to it as straw. No hook can draw it out; no man dares stir it up. Job itself sets Leviathan beside Behemoth, the land monster; the apocalyptic Book of Enoch pairs them as female and male monsters kept for the end of days, and the Talmud (Bava Batra) promises that the righteous will feast on Leviathan's flesh under a tent made from its skin. The name became a byword for anything overwhelming - Hobbes borrowed it for the state in 1651.

Appearance

Leviathan is a colossal sea serpent or sea dragon, larger than any ship - in the biblical description its passage leaves a wake like a white-haired furrow in the deep. For sculpting, combine a crocodile and a whale: a long body 60–100 m or more, armoured with overlapping plate scales, a massive head with a wide jaw of interlocking teeth, and a row of dorsal fins or spines. Job mentions fearsome teeth, tight scales, glowing eyes "like the eyelids of the morning" and a smoking, fiery breath.

Whether it has limbs is open; the seven-headed reading of Lotan suggests a many-headed serpent, while medieval Christian art, from Anglo-Saxon times onward, associated Leviathan with the Hellmouth, a gaping monster's jaws swallowing the damned. Colours: deep blue-black or bronze scales, a paler belly, and a red-orange glow in the mouth and nostrils.

In modern fantasy

Leviathan is used as the name of the ultimate sea creature in a wide range of games and films - it is a summon in the Final Fantasy series, the label for the largest creatures in survival games such as Subnautica, and a colossal water being in tabletop role-playing supplements. In fiction the word usually signals scale rather than a fixed shape, so a sculptor has unusual freedom: whale-like, serpentine or draconic readings are all defensible.

3D printing notes

A creature this size only ever prints as a fragment. At 28–32 mm scale the most convincing approach is a "surfacing" piece: the head and a coil of body rising from a water base, 80–120 mm long, printed in resin at 30° with supports under the jaw, spines and the curve of the coil. Scale plates hide layer lines well, so a 0.05 mm layer is not necessary.

At 75 mm and above, split the model into head, two or three body coils and a tail, with 5 mm pegs, and print the coils hollow. The head is the heaviest part; give it a flat contact with the water base rather than cantilevering it. For a 150 mm or larger centrepiece, FDM handles the coils well and resin the head; run a brass rod through the coil arc and pour clear resin water around it for support. Long spines and fins print best as separate flat pieces glued in after painting.

Painting and display

For a biblical Leviathan, a dark bronze base with a black-green wash between the plates and a metallic dry-brush on the scale edges gives an armoured look. A blue-black colour scheme with a turquoise wet-blend on the belly reads as deep ocean. Paint the inside of the mouth in a hot red-orange with yellow near the throat, and the eyes in a pale luminous yellow.

A hollow head with a warm LED gives the "smoke from its nostrils" effect; a cold blue LED under clear resin water suggests the deep. Base ideas: a wrecked fishing boat for scale, a rocky coast, or a churning wave built from clear resin over a painted gradient.

Related creatures

Leviathan's northern cousins are the Kraken of Norwegian legend and Jormungandr, the Norse world serpent. As a primordial serpent of chaos it shares its ancestry with the Dragon and with the Kazakh many-headed serpent Aidahar.

Sources

• Job 41 (King James Version, Bible Gateway), https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Job+41&version=KJV
• Wikipedia, Leviathan, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan

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